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Strisores

• Steatornithidae: Oilbird
• Nyctibiidae: Potoos
• Podargidae: Frogmouths
• Caprimulgidae: Nightjars
• Aegothelidae: Owlet-nightjars
• Hemiprocnidae: Treeswifts
• Apodidae: Swifts
• Trochilidae: Hummingbirds

Paleognathae

• Struthioniformes: Ostriches
• Rheiformes: Rheas
• Casuariiformes: Cassowaries & Emus
• Apterygiformes: Kiwis
• Tinamiformes: Tinamous

Columbimorphae

• Mesitornithiformes: Mesites
• Pterocliformes: Sandgrouse
• Columbiformes: Doves, Pigeons

Otidimorphae

• Musophagiformes: Turacos
• Otidiformes: Bustards
• Cuculiformes: Cuckoos

Ardeae

• Eurypygiformes: Sunbittern, Kagu
• Phaethontiformes: Tropicbirds
• Gaviiformes: Loons
• Sphenisciformes: Penguins
• Procellariiformes: Seabirds
• Ciconiiformes: Storks
• Suliformes: Cormorants
• Plataleiformes: Ibises
• Pelecaniformes: Pelicans
• Ardeiformes: Herons

Afroaves

• Coliiformes: Mousebirds
• Cathartiformes: NW Vultures
• Accipitriformes: Hawks, Eagles
• Strigiformes: Owls
• Leptosomiformes: Cuckoo-Roller
• Trogonidae: Trogons
• Bucerotiformes: Hornbills, Hoopoe
• Coraciiformes: Rollers, Kingfishers
• Piciformes: Woodpeckers

Australaves

• Cariamiformes: Seriemas
• Falconiformes: Falcons
• Psittaciformes: Parrots
• Passeriformes: Songbirds
• • Acanthisitti
  • Eurylaimides
  • Tyrannida
  • Furnariida
  • Corvida
  • Passerida

APODIFORMES Peters, 1940 (1867)

This name has a complicated history. Priority would seem to indicate that Trochiliformes should be used as it dates back to Wagler, 1830 (as the suborder Trochili). However, modern usage is Apodiformes. For a long time, names based on Cypselus were used, but this is a junior subjective synonym of Apushence Apodiformes. For families, the updated name would retain the same priority as the original, which dates back to Huxley as Cypselomorphae. That's what the (1867) is about. Still, 1830 trumps 1867. In this case I think it's better to emphasize stability over priority and use Apodiformes, not Trochiliformes.

The Apodiformes are an old clade. Ksepka et al. (2013) have found a fossil Eocypselus from the Green River formation (about 48 milliion years old) from a lineage that seems to predate the swift / hummingbird split (the lineage, not necessarily the fossil). The owlet-nightjar branch would be even older (note that Ksepka et al. Use "Apodiformes" in the narrow sense of swifts plus hummingbirds).

1 genus, 11 species HBW-5

The owlet-nightjars seem to be more closely related to the traditional Apodiformes (swifts and hummingbirds) than they are to the nightjars. This is not only supported by molecular evidence, but also by morphology (see Mayr, 2002, 2008a). The arrangement of species follows Dumbacher et al. (2003), which also provided evidence that A. salvadorii is not a subspecies of A. albertisi.

Note that Cleere (2010) uses the name Salvadori's Owlet-nightjar to refer to affinis, not salvadorii while the IOC used it to refer to salvadorii, calling affinis the Vogelkop Owlet-nightjar. It might be less confusing to use another name for salvadorii, but I don't know of any in current use that help. The term Mountain Owlet-nightjar is also a problem. H & M-4 (Dickinson and Remsen, 2013), which recognizes the same species as the TiF list, uses Mountain Owlet-nightjar for salvadorii and Arfak Owlet-nightjar for albertisi, further adding to the confusion.

• New Caledonian Owlet-nightjar, Aegotheles savesi
• Feline Owlet-nightjar, Aegotheles insignis
• Starry Owlet-nightjar, Aegotheles tatei
• Wallace's Owlet-nightjar, Aegotheles wallacii
• Salvadori's Owlet-nightjar, Aegotheles salvadorii
• Archbold's Owlet-nightjar, Aegotheles archboldi
• Mountain Owlet-nightjar, Aegotheles albertisi
• Moluccan Owlet-nightjar, Aegotheles crinifrons
• Australian Owlet-nightjar, Aegotheles cristatus
• Barred Owlet-nightjar, Aegotheles bennettii
• Vogelkop Owlet-nightjar, Aegotheles affinis

1 genus, 4 species HBW-5

• Crested Treeswift, Hemiprocne coronata
• Gray-rumped Treeswift, Hemiprocne longipennis
• Whiskered Treeswift, Hemiprocne comata
• Moustached Treeswift, Hemiprocne mystacea

19 genera, 114 species HBW-5

The subfamilies and tribes follow HBW-5. Although they focus on the swiftlets, the available molecular studies suggest that some reorganization will be needed (see Thomassen et al., 2003, 2005, Price et al., 2004, 2005).

Based on Rheindt et al., The Glossy Swiftlet, Collocalia esculenta, has been split into 8 species:

• Tenggara Swiftlet, Collocalia sumbawae (sumbawae and sumbae)
• Christmas Island Swiftlet, Collocalia natalis (monotypic)
• Plume-toed Swiftlet, Collocalia affinis (affinis, elachyptera, vanderbilti, oberholseri, cyanoptila)
• Ridgetop Swiftlet, Collocalia isonota (isonota and bagobo)
• Gray-rumped Swiftlet, Collocalia marginata (septentrionalis and marginata)
• Drab Swiftlet, Collocalia neglecta (neglecta and perneglecta)
• Glossy Swiftlet, Collocalia esculenta (all other subspecies)
• Satin Swiftlet, Collocalia uropygialis (uropygialis and albidior)

The Ameline Swiftlet, Aerodramus amelis, including palawanensis, has been split from the Uniform Swiftlet, Aerodramus vanikorensis (see Price et al., 2005, Dickinson and Remsen, 2013). The Three-toed Swiftlet seems to be sister to the Giant Swiftlet, Hydrochous gigas (Price et al., 2005), and so has been moved to Hydrochous.

Tumbes Swift, Chaetura ocypetes, has been split from Short-tailed Swift, Chaetura brachyura, as in Ridgely and Greenfield (2001).

Based on Päckert et al. (2012a), Alpine Swift, Tachymarptis melba and Mottled Swift, Tachymarptis aequatorialis, have been returned to Tachymarptis (from Apus). Further, Apus has been rearranged based on their study.

Following Leader (2011), the Fork-tailed Swift, Apus pacificus, has been split into 4 species: Blyth's Swift, Apus leuconyx, Salim Ali's Swift, Apus salimalii, Pacific Swift, Apus pacificus, and Cook's Swift, Apus cooki... In fact, Päckert et al. (2012a) subsequently found that Cook's Swift is more closely related to the Dark-rumped Swift than to the Pacific Swift. They did not include Blyth's or Salim Ali's Swifts, but it is likely that they are closer to Pacific, and that the Dark-rumped / Pacific complexes are themselves sisters.

Cypseloidinae: Primitive American Swifts Brooke, 1970

• Spot-fronted Swift, Cypseloides cherriei
• White-chinned Swift, Cypseloides cryptus
• White-fronted Swift, Cypseloides storeri
• Black Swift / American Black Swift, Cypseloides niger
• White-chested Swift, Cypseloides lemosi
• Rothschild's Swift, Cypseloides rothschildi
• Sooty Swift, Cypseloides fumigatus
• Great Dusky Swift, Cypseloides senex
• Chestnut-collared Swift, Streptoprocne rutila
• Tepui Swift, Streptoprocne phelpsi
• White-collared Swift, Streptoprocne zonaris
• Biscutate Swift, Streptoprocne biscutata
• White-naped Swift, Streptoprocne semicollaris

Collocalini: Swiftlets Bonaparte, 1853 (1852)

• Pygmy Swiftlet, Collocalia troglodytes
• Tenggara Swiftlet, Collocalia sumbawae
• Bornean Swiftlet, Collocalia dodgei
• Cave Swiftlet, Collocalia linchi
• Christmas Island Swiftlet, Collocalia natalis
• Plume-toed Swiftlet, Collocalia affinis
• Ridgetop Swiftlet, Collocalia isonota
• Gray-rumped Swiftlet, Collocalia marginata
• Drab Swiftlet, Collocalia neglecta
• Glossy Swiftlet, Collocalia esculenta
• Satin Swiftlet, Collocalia uropygialis
• Giant Swiftlet, Hydrochous gigas
• Three-toed Swiftlet, Hydrochous papuensis
• Black-nest Swiftlet, Aerodramus maximus
• Indian Swiftlet, Aerodramus unicolor
• Himalayan Swiftlet, Aerodramus brevirostris
• Volcano Swiftlet, Aerodramus vulcanorum
• Whitehead's Swiftlet, Aerodramus whiteheadi
• Bare-legged Swiftlet, Aerodramus nuditarsus
• Mayr's Swiftlet, Aerodramus orientalis
• Halmahera Swiftlet, Aerodramus infuscatus
• Sulawesi Swiftlet, Aerodramus sororum
• Seram Swiftlet, Aerodramus ceramensis
• Mountain Swiftlet, Aerodramus hirundinaceus
• Australian Swiftlet, Aerodramus terraereginae
• Uniform Swiftlet, Aerodramus vanikorensis
• Marquesan Swiftlet, Aerodramus ocistus
• Tahiti Swiftlet, Aerodramus leucophaeus
• Atiu Swiftlet, Aerodramus sawtelli
• Island Swiftlet, Aerodramus inquietus
• Palau Swiftlet, Aerodramus pelewensis
• Mariana Swiftlet, Aerodramus bartschi
• Ameline Swiftlet, Aerodramus amelis
• Philippine Swiftlet, Aerodramus mearnsi
• White-rumped Swiftlet, Aerodramus spodiopygius
• Seychelles Swiftlet, Aerodramus elaphrus
• Mascarene Swiftlet, Aerodramus francicus
• Germain's Swiftlet, Aerodramus germani
• Edible-nest Swiftlet, Aerodramus fuciphagus
• Mossy-nest Swiftlet, Aerodramus salangana
• Scarce Swift, Schoutedenapus myoptilus
• Schouteden's Swift, Schoutedenapus schoutedeni

Chaeturini: Needletails Bonaparte, 1857

• Philippine Spinetailed-Swift, Mearnsia picina
• Papuan Spinetailed-Swift, Mearnsia novaeguineae
• Madagascan Spinetail, Zoonavena grandidieri
• Sao Tome Spinetail, Zoonavena thomensis
• White-rumped Spinetail, Zoonavena sylvatica
• Mottled Spinetail, Telacanthura ussheri
• Black Spinetail, Telacanthura melanopygia
• Silver-rumped Spinetail, Rhaphidura leucopygialis
• Sabine's Spinetail, Rhaphidura sabini
• Cassin's Spinetail, Neafrapus cassini
• Boehm's Spinetail, Neafrapus boehmi
• White-throated Needletail, Hirundapus caudacutus
• Silver-backed Needletail, Hirundapus cochinchinensis
• Brown-backed Needletail, Hirundapus giganteus
• Purple Needletail, Hirundapus celebensis
• Lesser Antillean Swift, Chaetura martinica
• Band-rumped Swift, Chaetura spinicaudus
• Costa Rican Swift, Chaetura fumosa
• Gray-rumped Swift, Chaetura cinereiventris
• Pale-rumped Swift, Chaetura egregia
• Vaux's Swift, Chaetura vauxi
• Chimney Swift, Chaetura pelagica
• Chapman's Swift, Chaetura chapmani
• Amazonian Swift / Mato Grosso Swift, Chaetura viridipennis
• Sick's Swift, Chaetura meridionalis
• Short-tailed Swift, Chaetura brachyura
• Tumbes Swift, Chaetura ocypetes

Apodini: Typical Swifts Olphe-Galliard, 1887 (1836)

• White-throated Swift, Aeronautes saxatalis
• White-tipped Swift, Aeronautes montivagus
• Andean Swift, Aeronautes andecolus
• Antillean Palm-Swift, Tachornis phoenicobia
• Pygmy Swift / Pygmy Palm-Swift, Tachornis furcata
• Fork-tailed Palm-Swift / Neotropical Palm-Swift, Tachornis squamata
• Lesser Swallow-tailed Swift, Panyptila cayennensis
• Great Swallow-tailed Swift, Panyptila sanctihieronymi
• African Palm-Swift, Cypsiurus parvus
• Asian Palm-Swift, Cypsiurus balasiensis
• Alpine Swift, Tachymarptis melba
• Mottled Swift, Tachymarptis aequatorialis
• Dark-rumped Swift, Apus acuticauda
• Cook's Swift, Apus cooki
• Blyth's Swift, Apus leuconyx
• Salim Ali's Swift, Apus salimalii
• Pacific Swift, Apus pacificus
• White-rumped Swift, Apus caffer
• Bates's Swift, Apus batesi
• Horus Swift, Apus horus
• Little Swift, Apus affinis
• House Swift, Apus nipalensis
• Nyanza Swift, Apus niansae
• Malagasy Black-Swift, Apus balstoni
• Bradfield's Swift, Apus bradfieldi
• African Black-Swift, Apus barbatus
• Fernando Po Swift, Apus sladeniae
• Cape Verde Swift, Apus alexandri
• Forbes-Watson's Swift, Apus berliozi
• Plain Swift, Apus unicolor
• Common Swift, Apus apus
• Pallid Swift, Apus pallidus

103 genera, 350 species HBW-5

Hummingbird taxonomy has been substantially revised in the 21st century. Past editions of this page have been based on Altshuler et al. (2004), McGuire et al. (2007, 2009), and Kirchman et al. (2010). It is now based on the phylogeny of McGuire et al. (2014) which includes 85% of all hummingbird species. Although some of the details differ, the AOU's SACC has also adopted this type of arrangement.

The subfamilies and tribes represent some of the natural groupings in McGuire et al. (2014). The treatment here is similar to that of H & M-4 (Dickinson and Remsen, 2013), but differs in several respects. I have acknowledged the deep divisions within Florisuginae and Phaethornithinae by dividing them into two tribes each, Topazini (Topazes) and Florisugini (Jacobins), and Eutoxerini (Sicklebills) and Phaethornithini (Hermits). I treat the Giant Hummingbird as a monotypic tribe (Patagonini) within Trochilinae rather than a subfamily sister to Trochilinae. And last, I've separated the core emeralds (Cynanthini) from the Amazilia group (Trochilini). The time-calibrated tree in McGuire et al. (2014) suggests that all three subfamilies originated about 20-22 mya and that the tribes from 12-20 mya. I suspect that the timing on their tree is a somewhat compressed, even though the swift-hummingbird split agrees with Jarvis et al. (2014). Ksepka and Clarke's (2015) analysis of the fossil record concludes that the swift-hummingbird split occurred earlier, no later than 51 mya.

There are also fairly deep divisions in the mangos, between the lancebill-violetear clade, the sungem-fairy clade, and the rest. These could be recognized as tribes — Petasophorini (violetears, based on Petasophora = Colibri), Heliothrichini (fairies), and Polytmini (mangos). However, I'm not sure that doing so really adds that much information.

There is an issue concerning one of the tribe names. I've used Coeligenini (Eudes-Deslongchamps 1881) and as if it were a pre-1961 replacement name for Heliantheini (Reichenbach 1853). The problem is that until 2009, neither name was in prevailing usage, so that article 40.2 of the ICZN Code does not really apply. The problem would be even worse if Docimastini (Reichenbach 1853 based on Docimastes Gould 1849 = Ensifera Lesson 1843) had not been eliminated from consideration by the first reviser action of Dickinson and Remsen (2013).

McGuire et al. (2009) proposed use of Coeligenini as a Phylocode clade name. This has gained some traction. To avoid confusion, I also use Coeligenini and treat it a replacement for the name Heliantheini, although it may not stricly follow the Code. If that bothers you, think of it as a Phylocode clade name (other such names are used elsewhere). Since Dickinson and Remsen (2013) adopted Heliantheini, it may come back into common use, in which case I will reconsider.

Hummingbird Generic Changes

Compared to H & M-4 (Dickinson and Remsen, 2013), there have been a number of genus changes in the hummingbirds:

• Eulampis (Boie 1831) has been merged into Anthracothorax (Boie 1831). Priority was determined by the first reviser action of Remsen et al. (2015).
• Chalcostigma (Reichenbach 1854) and Oreonympha (Gould 1869) have been merged into Oxypogon (Gould 1848).
• The Marvelous Spatuletail (Loddigesia Bonaparte 1850) has been merged into Eriocnemis (Reichenbach 1849). This causes a name conflict as two species are mirabilis... The Marvelous Spatuletail gets to keep the name, and the Colorful Puffleg needs a new name. As none is available, I refer to it as Eriocnemis "mirabilis" for now.
• Clytolaema (Gould 1853) has been merged into Heliodoxa (Gould 1850).
• Nesophlox (Ridgway 1910) and Philodice (Mulsant, Verreaux and Verreaux 1866, type mitchellii) have been separated from Calliphlox, which is left with a single species. Note that Nesophlox may consist of two species (Feo et al., 2015).
• Atthis (Reichenbach 1854) has been merged into Selasphorus (Swainson 1832). Selasphorus already includes Stellula (AOU supplement 53 and McGuire et al., 2009).
• Basilinna (Boie 1831, type leucotis) has been separated from Hylocharis.
• Pampa (Reichenbach 1854, type pampa) has been separated from Campylopterus.
• Chlorostilbon (Gould 1853) and Cyanophaia (Reichenbach 1854) have been merged into Cynanthus (Swainson 1827).
• The Mexican Woodnymph has been moved to Eupherusa from Thalurania..
• Talaphorus (Simon 1910, type hypostictus) and Thaumasius (Sclater 1879, type taczanowskii) have been separated from Leucippus, which is now reduced to a single species.
• Saucerottia (Bonaparte 1850, type saucerrottei) has been separated from Amazilia.
• Lepidopyga (Reichenbach 1855) has been merged into Chrysuronia (Bonaparte 1850), which has been separated from Amazilia and has also gained two former members of Hylocharis.
• The remaining Hylocharis have been augmented with some former members of Amazilia.
• Polyerata (Heine 1863, type amabilis) has been separated from Amazilia.
• Chlorestes (Reichenbach 1854, type notata) has been augmented with Juliamyia (not Damophila Reichenbach 1854, which is preoccupied by the moth genus Damophila Curtis 1832), two former Hylocharis and one former Amazilia.

Hummingbird hybrid

Pérez-Emán et al. (2017) found that the Bogota Sunangel was actually a hybrid.Kirchman et al .'s (2010) finding that it was related to Sylphs was incorrect due to considering insufficient mitochondrial DNA from sylph species. Broader sampling revealed that the Bogota Sunangel shares a haplotype with the Long-tailed Sylph, Aglaiocercus kingii... This is a strong indication that its mother was a Long-tailed Sylph, and that the Bogota Sunangel was a hybrid.

Hummingbird Splits and Lumps

The Mexican Hermit, Phaethornis mexicanus, has been spilt from Long-billed Hermit, Phaethornis longirostris... See Howell (2013), and Arbeláz-Cortés and Navarro-Sigüenza (2013).

The Green Violetear, Colibri thalassinus, has been split into Mexican Violetear, Colibri thalassinus, and Lesser Violetear, Colibri cyanotus based on Remsen et al. (2015).

The Speckled Hummingbird, Adelomyia melanogenys, may include 5-6 species, one of them unnamed (Chaves and Smith, 2011, Chaves et al., 2011).

The Bearded Helmetcrest, Oxypogon guerinii has been split into: Green-bearded Helmetcrest, Oxypogon guerinii, Blue-bearded Helmetcrest, Oxypogon cyanolaemus, White-bearded Helmetcrest, Oxypogon lindenii, and Buffy Helmetcrest, Oxypogon stuebelii based on Collar and Salaman (2013).

It has long been argued that the distinctive Admirable Hummingbird, Eugenes spectabilis, of Costa Rica and Panama should be considered a separate species from the more northern Magnificent Hummingbird, Eugenes fulgens... Indeed, some authors have split them. Now there is genetic evidence to support this. Zamudio-Beltran et al. (2015) Admirable separated by a healthy 6 percent mitochondrial genetic distance. They also suggest subdividing fulgens and giving viridiceps species status. I don't see that they really provide evidence for this. They find that fulgens and viridiceps are not reciprocally monophyletic (strike 1), that there are no known plumage distinctions (strike 2), and that the mitochondrial genetic distance between fulgens and the viridiceps is relatively modest, less that 1 percent (strike 3).

The proper taxonomic treatment of the Lampornis castaneoventris complex remains unclear. There are three forms: with purple throats and blue tails (calolaemus, pectoralis, and homogenes), with white throats and blue tails (castaneoventris), and with white throats and gray tails (cinereicauda). They could represent subspecies of one species, the Variable Mountain-gem, as in Schuchman (1999 = HBW-5). Or the AOU could be right that they are two species, the Purple-throated Mountain-gem, Lampornis calolaemus, and the White-throated Mountain-gem, Lampornis castaneoventris (including cinereicauda). Alternatively, Stiles and Skutch (1989) and the IOC treat them as three allospecies, with Lampornis cinereicauda taking the name Gray-tailed Mountain-gem.

The DNA analysis revealed that these taxa are very closely related (García-Moreno et al., 2006), and is consistent with lumping all three forms into Variable Mountain-gem. However, although the ranges do meet, there is only limited evidence of hybridization, suggesting that they are best treated as three allospecies. That is the course followed here. In truth, there is insufficient data and a detailed study would be useful.

García-Moreno et al. (2006) found some evidence that White-bellied Mountain-gem, Lampornis hemileucus, does not belong with the other Lampornis but is closer to Panterpe... However, McGuire et al. (2009, 2014), which used a superset of the genes studied by García-Moreno et al., Found the White-bellied Mountain-gem does in fact belong with other Lampornis.

Doubleday's Hummingbird, Chlorostilbon doubledayi, has been split from Broad-billed Hummingbird, Chlorostilbon latirostris... These two taxa have easily distinguished plumage, and in spite of the fact that their ranges abut one another, seem to be reciprocally monophyletic (García-Deras et al., 2008). In short, they appear to be distinct species, as treated by IOC, HBW-5 (Schuchmann, 1999), and Howell and Webb (1995), but not AOU.

Based on Feo et al. (2015) and the 56th AOU supplement, the Inagua Woodstar, Nesophlox lyrura, has been split from the Bahama Woodstar, Nesophlox evelynae.

Based on Gonzalez et al. (2011) and Navarro-Sigüenza, and Peterson (2004), the Wedge-tailed Sabrewing, Pampa (Campylopterus) curvipennis, has been split into Curve-winged Sabrewing, Pampa curvipennis (sister to Long-tailed Sabrewing, Pampa excellens) and Wedge-tailed Sabrewing, Pampa pampa, of the Yucatan.

The Dry Forest Sabrewing, Campylopterus calcirupicola, is recognized as a separate species related to the Gray-breasted Sabrewing, Campylopterus largipennis... See SACC # 756 and Lopes et al. (2017). Lopes et al. and SACC # 755 suggest there are additional species in this complex.

The Blossom-crown, Anthocephala floriceps, has been split into Santa Marta Blossomcrown, Anthocephala floriceps, and Tolima Blossomcrown, Anthocephala berlepschi... See Lozano-Jaramillo et al. (2014) and SACC proposal # 654 (under consideration).

The Plovercrest, Stephanoxis lalandi, has been split into Purple-crowned Plovercrest, Stephanoxis loddigesii, and Green-crowned Plovercrest, Stephanoxis lalandi... See Cavarzere et al. (2014) and SACC proposal # 664 (under consideration).

The Violet-crowned Woodnymph, Thalurania colombica, and Green-crowned Woodnymph, Thalurania fannyi, have been merged into Crowned Woodnymph, Thalurania colombica... See SACC proposal # 558. Note that AOU's NACC has not acted on this yet.

The Streamertail, Trochilus polytmus, was split into Red-billed Streamertail, Trochilus polytmus, and Black-billed Streamertail, Trochilus scitulus... The AOU maintains these as one species, but Gill et al. (1973) provides evidence of a narrow hybrid zone. Accordingly, I've decided to follow the IOC and HBW-5 (Schuchmann, 1999) on this one.

Finally, the Blue-vented Hummingbird, Saucerottia hoffmanni, of Nicaragua and Costa Rica, has been split from the Steely-vented Hummingbird, Saucerottia saucerottei.

All this means there are seven non-AOU species in the list: Mexican Hermit, Gray-tailed Mountain-gem, Wedge-tailed Sabrewing, Doubleday's Hummingbird, Curve-winged Sabrewing, Black-billed Streamertail, and Blue-vented Hummingbird.